Gender and Translation Essay

Abstract The aim of this study was to identify the role of the sexuality of the translator on the true statement of the definition, and to determine whether there is any diversity among the translations done by female and male translators in foothold of translation accuracy. Two English nary(prenominal)els and two translations for each, one done by a female and the other by a male translator, were selected. Each translation was comp ared with its tooth root text edition, sentence by sentence, and based on some certain(p) categories, their remote renderings affecting the mind of the ST, and in fact affecting the translation accuracy, were extracted.The total builds of the observed out or keeping(p) renderings of each host of the female and male translators were counted. Having examine the data and having applied some statistical analyses, the looker disc everywhereed that the answer to the research question was negative and the null hypothesis of the research was sup ported. Key wrangling gender, accuracy, mutedness, politeness, dominance 1. Introduction Every process of translation involves at least two wrangles and one centre, which layabout be called form and meaning.In fact, the meaning is the message which is transferred by various features and it is the task of the translator to transfer the meaning of the ST into the TT. So, depending on antithetic factors affecting the translators perfor humance and the way the message is conveyed, different translations will be produced. Gender of the translator is one of the factors that may affect the product of the translator, and the accuracy of translation is an important feature in evaluating any translated text. This research aimed to work on the unlikenesss which might exist in terms of the accuracy betwixt the translations done by male and female translators.Thus, the research question was as follows Is there any loss between the translations done by female and male translators in term s of translation accuracy? In order to look into the above work forcetioned research question, the following hypothesis was developed in that location is no difference between the translations done by female and male translators in terms of translation accuracy. 2. Gender, Language, Accuracy and Translation 2. 1. Gender and Language Language, socially and personally, is a signifi wadt part of mans identity.Language and gender are conjugate and developed through with(predicate) mans participation in every day social practice. It is proved through various investigations that the languages of custody and women are in reality different (Holmes 1995 1). In the past, women were invisible, yet today they believe that they possess a different voice, different psychology, different experience of love, etc. and also different goal from that of men (Coates 1997 13). Many studies have been conducted so far, regarding the role of the gender as a determinant of linguistic usage (Stockwel l 2002 16).According to Stockwell (2002 16), today the term genderlect is apply to refer to the different lexical and grammatical choices which are characteristically made by males and females e. g. women in their intercourses use grass certain color term, frequent certain evaluative adjectives, not sure intonation, tag phrases and super-polite declareions, much(prenominal) as euphemism, less swearing and more indirect words. Some of their language differences proved through various investigations are as follows women are believed to be the talkative and gossiping sex (Graddol & Swann 1992 70).Women speak softly, whereas men speak loud and such differences in the voices affect to their physical sexual differences moreover, men are thought to be stronger and bigger than women (Graddol & Swann 1992 13). custody use I, swear words and taboo ones more than women, and in order to continue the conversation and show the certainty, women use more hedges, expressions such as Im sure, you know, perhaps (Coates 1997 116, 126). According to Jepersen (cited in Coates 1997 20), since women start talking without having thought, they are much more often break off than men without finishing their sentences.It is believed that women talk, compliment others and also apologize more than men do moreover, in conversations women usually do not interrupt mens words and they wait until they finish their talk (Holmes 1995 2). Also, as Graddol and Swann (1992 92) believe women talk more politely than men. But what is the linguistic definition of the concept of politeness? Politeness should be demanded as an expression of concern for the feelings of others (Holmes 1995 4).Holmes (1995 6) believes that women are more bear on about the feelings of those to whom they are talking and they speak more explicitly than men also, he says that women are considered as the members of the subordinate group, so they have to be polite. In mixed conversations, women use the minimal responses mo re than men and at appropriate moment, while men use such words less and often with hold water to show their dominance and the powerlessness of the gender to which they talk (Coates 1997 116). As mentioned before, men interrupt more than women and it is because they think they are more dominated and powerful (Coates 1997 110).There is an idea that powerlessness is a feminine characteristic (cited in Graddol & Swann 1992 91, 92). DeVault (2002 90) believes that the concept of mutedness does not imply that women are silent. According to Coates (1997 35), for centuries women were considered in a muted group and this was the desired state of them so this belief that women talk too much is because of this fact that they are required to express themselves to the dominant group of men and talk to them, so that they can be heard by them and this talking is against their mutedness.Consequently, women are considered as the subordinate group and men as the dominant one, and for this reason, f emales are doing their best in order to be heard by the society and express their abilities to males. But regarding their translations, it must be said since translation is the product of mans language, it must have the homogeneous characteristics as that of language. So, every translation must reflect the characteristics of the language of its translator. 2. 2. Translation and AccuracyIn the process of translating a text, the message of the captain should be preserved in the translation and this shows the fidelity or loyalness of the translator to the original text. Beekman and Callow (1989 33) believe that a faithful translation is the one which transfers the meaning and the dynamics of the original text and by transferring the meaning, they mean that the translation conveys the ST information to the TT reader. According to Beekman and Callow (1989 34), just now as the translator correctly understands the message, can he begin to be faithful, and it is only then that he can tr anslate clearly & accurately.In fact, faithfulness and fidelity are two terms which show how much the TT reconstructs the ST. Some translation theorists believe that the translation should be evaluated by considering its ST as the yardstick (Manafi Anari 2004 34, vol. 2, no. 5). Manafi Anari (2004 41, vol. 1, no. 4) defines accuracy as the exactitude or precision of the meaning conveyed and in fact it implies conformity of translation with the original text in terms of fact or truth.Also, he defines accurate translation as a translation which is the reproduction of the message of the ST (Manafi Anari 2004 34, vol. 2, no. 5). Newmark (1996 111) believes that in translating a text, the accuracy relates to the SL text, all to the authors meaning, or to the objective truth that is encompassed by the text, etc. According to the discussion above, accuracy can be considered as one of the representations of the faithfulness in translation, i. e. showing how accurately the translator has ma naged to reproduce the message of the ST into the TL.Larson (1984 485) believes that in every translation, accuracy, clearness and whiteness are of the great importance. Regarding the translation accuracy, she believes that in some cases, when the translator tries to get the meaning of the ST and convey it to the TT, s/he may make some mistakes, either in the analysis of the ST, or in the process of conveying the meaning, and a different meaning may result then, there is a need for a careful check regarding the accuracy of the translation.According to Khomeijani Farahani (2005 77-78) based on what Larson proposed in 1984, the process of evaluating the accuracy of translation can be done in 2 possible ways one way is recognizing the key words of the ST and their equivalences in the TT and comparing how close they are i. e. determining whether the translator could convey the same and exact meaning of the ST by selecting the best target equivalents and whether s/he could achieve an ac ceptable accuracy or not.Another way is using linchpin translation i. e. translating the TLT into the SL, then, carrying out a contrastive analysis and if the retranslated text is reasonably close to the SLT, the translation has got the acceptable accuracy. Also, Waddington (2001 313) has proposed a translation quality assessment method acting based on Hurtados (1995) model Waddingtons Method A introduces three groups of mistakes which may exist in a translation.The first group of the mistakes, which consider the understanding of the ST message, is related to the accuracy of the translation it contains inappropriate renderings affecting the understanding of the source text and divides them into eight categories contresens, faux sens, nonsens, addition, omission, unresolved extralinguistic references, loss of meaning, and inappropriate linguistic variation (register, style, dialect, etc. ).Consequently, the term translation accuracy refers to the translators understanding of the mes sage of the ST and that how accurately the translator has managed to translate a text from one language into another. 2. 3. Gender and Translation Through re take hold ofing the languages applied by women and men, and also by studying various aspects of their lives, it is revealed that women are considered as the subordinate group and men as the dominant one. Hence, it is for this reason that in recent decades, females are doing their best in order to be heard by the society and express their abilities to males.Over the past several decades and after the womens movement, gender issues got involved in the language issues meanwhile the translation studies developed more and more (von Flotow 1997 1). Regarding the translation, it can be assumed that since translation is the product of the language of the human being, it might have the same characteristics as those of language. So, every translation might reflect the characteristics of the language of its translator. According to von Fl otow (1997 5), gender refers to the socio heathen construction of both sexes.During 1960s-1970s, feminist thinkers discussed socialized difference between women and men and the cultural and political powerlessness of these two genders (von Flotow 1997 5). to the highest degree the concept of gender, Sherry Simon (1996 5) believes that gender is an element of identity and experience which, like other cultural identities, takes form through social consciousness.By reviewing the history of translation, we can discover that always there have been well-known debates over how best to be faithful then, it is not astonishing that fidelity in translation has been consistently defined in terms of gender and sexuality (Chamberlain, cited in Baker 1998 93). For a long time, translation has been employed to explain womens actions in public, and as von Flotow (1997 12) has referred to Marguerito Duras, women lived in darkness for centuries, they did not even know themselves very well then, while entering the public atmosphere, they had to translate what they mean.As claimed by Arteaga (1994 2, cited in Simon 1996 134), cultural and linguistic histories of every nation demonstrate the relationship between self and other at present, in cultural studies, translation is considered as a fiction expressing the increasing internationalization of cultural production as well as the fate of those who struggle between two worlds and two languages.According to Simon (1996 134-135), marginalized group view translation as a essence through which they can establish themselves in the culture and language of the dominant groups women attempt to translate themselves into the mens language and migrants try to translate their past experiences into the present. It is because of the sense of not being at home within idioms of power that has made many women and also migrants, such as Salman Rushdie, to believe themselves as being translated beings (Rushdie 1991 13, cited in Simon 1996 135).Tra nslator and translation have been considered as marginalized, since some have believed that the original text has got superiority over the translation and that the translation is just an equivalent of the original and it is not an original in itself (Hatim & Munday 2004 200). Historically, translation has been considered as a secondary and degraded version of composition (Simon 1996 39).As Simon (1996 39) states, it has been appeared as a great instrument for women providing them to step into the world of publications and writing translation helps women to express themselves through their writings and translations for long, women have been confine to just translate and they have been only permitted to enter this specific secondary regularise of writing they have been forced to stand outside the borders of the dominant zone of writing and not been allowed to enjoy the position of authorship.Feminism and translation are both considered in the category of secondariness and both are served as instruments for the critical understanding of differences as it is described in language (Simon 1996 8). The aim of feminist translation theory is to determine and to criticize the concepts of inferiority of women and translation, in both society and literature for this purpose, the process through which translation has come to be feminized should be explored and the structures of authority maintaining such association should be troubled (Simon 1996 1).By the passage of time, and through the achievements create by feminists and their movements, women could express themselves and their abilities in society, and in fact, they could establish their identities in the world just as Simon says, feminism has also reordered lines of cultural transmission (Simon 1996 84). By means of translation, translators often females have created new ways of exchange besides, they have opened new translation markets, and according to Simon (1996 84), in addition to the conceptual challengi ng of translation tropes, feminism has worked to establish new intellectual connections.3. Methodology The researcher compared some Persian translations with their English originals to discover whether there is any prodigious difference between the translations of the male and female translators in terms of translation accuracy. So, a comparative descriptive approach was adopted. In fact, this research was conducted through a descriptive corpus-based method. As the corpus of the study, two English novels and two translations for each, i. e. one by a male and another by a female translator, were compared regarding their accuracy.The researcher considered about ten thousand words of each English novel and compared the original sentences with their Persian translations. The titles of the novels and their translations were as follows ( Austen, J. (1813), reprinted 2003. Pride and Prejudice. Bantam Classic New York. ( . ? . . . ? 1385. ( . ? . . . 1386. ( Bronte, E. (1847), reprinted 2003. Wuthering Heights. Bantam Classic New York. ( . ( ). . . 1386. ( . ( ). . . 1385. 4. information Analysis In order to discover whether male translators translate more accurately than female translators and to find out whether there is any significant difference between the accuracy of the translations of these two genders, the researcher chose two English novels and she compared the first 10000 words of each novel with their two translations, one done by a male and the other by a female translator.Here, the unit of the analysis was sentence i. e. the researcher compared each sentence of the source text with its certain translation according to the first part of Waddingtons Method A (2001 313) which is related to translation accuracy and contains the eight categories of the inappropriate renderings which affect the understanding of the source text contresens, faux sens, nonsens, addition, omission, unresolved extralinguistic refere nces, loss of meaning, and inappropriate linguistic variation (register, style, dialect, etc.).Examples below show the way the researcher analyzed the translations. Here, there are * MT1 male translator of the school text 1 *FT1 female translator of the Text 1 * MT2 male translator of the Text 2 *FT2 female translator of the Text 2 Examples are as follows ( But to be candid without ostentation or fancy to take the good of everybodys character and make it settle down better, and say nothing of the bad belongs to you alone. (Text 2/ Sentence 220) ( (FT2) ? ? ? ? . ( Faux sens make it still better ( rise to power ? / ? / ( Omission character/ or design ( (MT2) ? ? . ( Faux sens ostentation / to make it still better ( Addition ? / ( Omission character( They could not every day sit so grim, and incommunicative and it was impossible, however, ill-tempered they might be, that the universal scowl they wore was their everyday countenance. (Text 1/ Sentence 159) ( (FT1) ? . ? ? . ( Addition ? / ?/ ( Omission sit/ countenance/ universal/ they wore ( (MT1) ? . ? ? . ( Fauxs sens grim ( Addition / / ? / ? ( Omission they wore/ universal The researcher computed and then presented the number of the frequencies of each category of the translations in the following tables MT1 Contresens Fauxsens Nonsens Addition Omission Unresolved Extralinguistic References Loss of intend contrasted linguistic form Total Frequency 3 169 0 217 193 3 32 11 628 Percentage 1 47 0 60 53 1 9 3 - Table 1 MT1s Inappropriate Renderings.FT1 Contresens Fauxsens Nonsens Addition Omission Unresolved Extralinguistic References Loss of Meaning Inappropriate Linguistic Variation Total Frequency 3 136 0 163 151 12 25 2 492 Percentage 1 38 0 45 42 3 7 1 - Table 2 FT1s Inappropriate Renderings MT2 Contresens Fauxsens Nonsens Addition Omission Unresolved Extralinguistic References Loss of Meaning Inappropriate Linguistic Variation Total Frequency 1 136 0 139 171 16 44 62 569 Percentage 0 36 0 37 45 4 12 16 - Table 3 MT2s Inappropriate Renderings.FT2 Contresens Fauxsens Nonsens Addition Omission Unresolved Extralinguistic References Loss of Meaning Inappropriate Linguistic Variation Total Frequency 3 169 2 204 201 4 67 11 661 Percentage 1 45 1 54 53 1 18 3 - Table 4 FT2s Inappropriate Renderings 5. Discussion Regarding the translations of the Text 1, the researcher found that the female translator translated more accurately than the male translator, since the number of the observed inappropriate renderings of MT1 was more than that of FT1.But regarding the Text 2, the researcher got an opposite result i. e. she discovered that the male translator translated more accurately than the female translator, for the number of the inappropriate renderings of FT2 was more than that of MT2. So, based on the different findings obtained fro m the analysis of the Text 1 and Text 2, the researcher discovered there is no significant difference between the translations done by the female and male translators in terms of translation accuracy.6. Conclusion According to the data analysis and findings obtained through studying inappropriate rendering cases affecting the understanding of the ST, and in fact, affecting the accuracy of their translations, which occurred in the translations of the male and the female translators, it was proved that there is no significant difference between the translations done by male and female translators in terms of translation accuracy. Thus, the null hypothesis of this research was supported.Here, it is concluded that the gender of the translator plays no significant role in the accuracy of the translation, and that it cannot be said whether female translators translate more accurately than male translators or vice versa. So, this study proved that the gender of the translator cannot be con sidered as a determinant factor in examining the translation accuracy. References Baker, Mona. (ed. ) (1998). The Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London and New York Routledge. 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Also, available from http//www. erudit. org/revue/meta/2001/v46/n2/004583ar. pdf Accessed May 5, 2007. 1 Contact Number 09123274659 2 Contact Number 09124017793, 02133793821 E-mail Address maliheh. ghodratigmail. com